中國A股:做好準備迎接市場復甦

中國A股市場有望受惠於逐步復甦的中國經濟、房地產業及盈利。市場向主要從事製造業的公司傾斜,為投資人提供機會,以較低估值參與中國製造業需時多年的轉型旅程。

中國經濟於過去12個月所面臨的挑戰,市場已有記錄。步入下半年,我們相信中國A股將會有驚人的表現。通膨受抑可能促使融資成本繼續保持低位,這與許多其他經濟體持續升息的情況截然不同。中國政府亦可能推出更多措施刺激經濟。同時,中國繼續保持強勁經常帳盈餘,能夠在通膨及商品價格上升壓力下有此表現的新興市場實屬罕見。

滬深300指數的估值接近歷史平均水準,存在大幅上漲空間。圖1. 儘管中國A股市場在2022年第二季度的表現優於其他市場,其估值與成熟市場及大多亞洲市場相比,仍存在吸引力。圖2.

圖1. 滬深300指數–市佔率(倍)
CSI 300 Index – price to earnings ratio (x)

圖2. 2022年預期市佔率(倍)
 2022 Expected price to earnings ratio (x)

更重要的是,我們認為中國盈利下修的情況已見底,盈利成長預測已從最近高位下降28%。見圖3。因此我們相信中國市場的盈利可能帶來驚喜。這一點十分關鍵,由於中國A股市場最近的漲勢主要來自估值倍數擴張,市場若要維持反彈漲勢,將需要實現盈利成長。

圖3. 盈利成長預測

Earnings growth forecasts

中國經濟已見底

我們對中國A股市場的部分信心,源自於中國經濟前景的逐步改善。我們相信,在政府於5月底推出一系列政策措施的幫助下,中國經濟已於今年第二季度見底,這些措施包括退稅(人民幣1,420億元)、延遲企業繳納社保(人民幣3,200億元)及減徵乘用車車輛購置稅及其他商品稅(人民幣600億元)。

圖4.消費復甦徵兆(5月)

Some signs of a consumption recovery in May

我們留意到當地政府最近推出房地產產業寬鬆措施,如下調抵押貸款利率、降低首付率以及放寬購房限制。中國亦計劃於2021年至2025年期間向智能基礎設施項目投資1.5兆美元,以支持產業成長,這些項目將採用5G、人工智能及物聯網技術,以促進傳統產業轉型,並支持新興產業。同時,最近跡象顯示,中國政府放鬆對網際網路平台的監管,將有助穩定投資人情緒。在貨幣方面,中國人民銀行已降低存款準備率及貸款市場報價利率,以減低企業融資成本。

展望未來,我們預期當局會公佈進一步支持基礎建設投資的政策,並為汽車、家電及電子產品等較高價的消費品提供更多補貼。中國亦會維持寬鬆的貨幣政策,降低存款準備率、注入流動性,及提供針對性信貸支持(如再貸款額度)。我們不排除當局進一步下調貸款市場報價利率的可能。

儘管如此,中國經濟復甦的力度仍然很大程度上取決於房地產產業及中國的新冠病毒清零政策。

房地產市場終見曙光?

早前,中國購房者拒絕支付抵押貸款,全國93個城市共300多個房屋項目受到影響,成為一時熱門話題。購房者拒付貸款的原因,是擔心開發商無法交付項目,而非購房者無力償還貸款。因此,助開發商恢復交付項目的能力,才是問題的關鍵。在撰寫本文章時,有消息指中國將設立一個440億美元的房地產基金,以助開發商解決流動性問題。

據估計,本次抵制繳納抵押貸款的個案數目,佔中國14家主要銀行的房屋貸款的3%。雖然抵制行動目前不太可能對金融業構成重大威脅,但卻可能進一步損害買家情緒,進而產生其他負面效應。購房者的抵制行動將影響房屋銷售,而預付金則是流動性資金的重要來源,對負債累累的開發商而言尤其如此。與此同時,地方政府極度依賴土地銷售作為資金來源,若缺乏此類收入,將削弱任何支持地方經濟政策的成效。在2022年上半年,土地銷售額比去年下降31.4%,據估計,房地產投資降低5%,將使中國國內生產總值下降0.6%至0.7%。

我們認為,除地方政府的個別政策外,中央政府亦需發出強而有力的明確訊號,支持房地產業。推出上述的「穩定基金」,確是朝著正確方向邁出了一步,但我們認為政府亦可考慮採取其他措施,如:

  • 成立一個專責機構,集體接管未完成的項目,這個做法或可使這些項目變為經濟適用房(可負擔住宅)

  • 成立一個委員會進行協調工作,防止過度收緊房屋措施

  • 暫時中止(或延後期限)限制開發商負債金額的三道紅線政策

雖然這些措施的推出或許需要更長時間,但我們的基礎假設是,房屋市場會在2022年第3季度見底回升,並將在2022年第4季度或2023年第1季度迎來明顯復甦。

在其他風險的威脅下尋覓前路

中國經濟已受房地產業的問題拖累,而國家新冠病毒清零政策及史無前例地封鎖上海/深圳,更是雪上加霜。雖然中國維持其清零政策,但最近政府放寬檢疫要求及旅遊限制,並且降低檢測頻率,表明中國將根據疫情發展調整應對措施。儘管不能排除政府會因冠狀病毒感染人數上升而重新實施限制,但我們認為,中國已更積極監控潛在的爆發,定當能夠避免再次造成4月/5月的混亂情況。

在政治方面,中共二十大的召開,將會伴隨著領導層的人員變動,這將是下半年最值得關注的事件。社會普遍認為習近平將會續任第三個任期,但政治局常委會的其他成員構成可能存在不確定性。中國主要經濟及金融機構的部級人事變動,將對總體經濟產生最為重大的影響,值得投資人關注。

做好準備迎接經濟復甦

我們認為,中國A股市場有望受惠於中國經濟、房地產市場及盈利的復甦。與H股相比,中國A股市場更加傾向於製造業的公司,因此應能受惠於政府推動製造業的政策,包括推出環保行動、提高技術自給率、推進自動化及數位化。電動汽車及電池供應鏈內的企業,以及參與太陽能板、消費類電子產品、半導體及創新藥物生產的公司均存在投資機會。此外,中國A股市場將按照其自身步調前進,意味著國家政策更為重要,因此受全球緊縮週期影響較小。

Sources:
1. 2022年6月28日。彭博。
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