不動產價值遭到低估 投資絕佳機會再現

市場言論曾指出,亞洲商業不動產業即將進入衰退,我們認為是言過其實。能迎合本土顧客喜好的商場仍保持穩健,但受到新冠肺炎疫情影響,僱員在家工作或成為常態,因此辦公室物業的長遠重要性受到質疑。同時,目前市場估值為投資者帶來個別機會,讓其以多年罕見的價格買入優質資產。

新冠肺炎疫情肆虐,令廣泛市場揣測商業不動產產業可能步入衰退,尤其是商場和辦公室。市場普遍認為,電商興起原本就讓商場業務受壓,再加上持續的防疫禁令和強制社交距離限制,商場將難以繼續生存。至於辦公室,在家工作已迅速成為常態,預料將令辦公室物業市場萎靡不振。

這種邏輯也不是空穴來風。根據房地產研究公司仲量聯行(Jones Lang LaSalle)數據1顯示相關物業成交量確實大幅回落,較去年下跌32%,辦公室、零售和酒店行業最受打擊,而物流業的表現仍然最穩健。此外,該公司的數據也顯示,近期辦公室物業的成交估值面臨顯著衝擊,相對2018年至2019年的售價,香港目前折讓多達20%至30%,而中國內地則折讓約19%。(見圖1)。

圖1:亞太區房地產成交量(按市場和範疇劃分)
graph1-APAC real estate transaction

資料來源:仲量聯行資本追蹤報告,截至2020第二季。

雖然亞洲應對疫情的表現相對出色,但經濟前景仍相當不明朗,令不少投資者採取觀望態度。因此,包括租金、資本價值和辦公室淨吸納量(net absorption)回落,空置率則有所上升。2(見圖2)。

圖2:亞太區零售租金指數與資本價值指數
graph2-APAC rental&capital index

資料來源:世邦魏理仕研究,截至2020年第二季。註:租金變動並未計及臨時減租,但反映租金叫價的變動。

亞洲商業不動產業無疑深受新冠肺炎疫情的重大衝擊。事實上,根據高盛數據3,亞洲商業不動產業股價於2020年1月17日疫情爆發前見頂,而後至今一直是表現最遜色的產業。

然而,投資者似乎把中短期調整,視為長期跌勢。我們相信市場反應過度,低估了商場和辦公室等的長期投資。事實上,商場已在迅速轉型,而儘管面對WFH在家工作的趨勢,辦公室仍展現長期穩健的跡象。除此之外,稅務和租金減免等政府支持措施亦帶來短期紓困作用,目前價格並未反映這些因素。 

成功轉型的商場將可克服危機

大部份亞洲市場已放寬防疫封鎖措施,但對跨境旅遊仍然嚴加管控,導致境外旅客完全絕跡–境外旅客是不少商場的生存命脈,尤其在香港。此外,商場面對的挑戰遠較其他商業不動產市場更嚴峻,疫情爆發前早已存在結構問題,例如面對電子商務競爭及租用成本高昂等問題。  

然而,不論零售物業的預期短期跌幅有多嚴重,我們不應該把中短期修正與長遠前景混為一談。若商場能夠改變經營策略,致力爭取本地顧客和提供網上服務無法提供的體驗,便能有較大機會成功克服這次危機。 

我們相信有兩類商場可望獲得得較高的租金增長4,一是以日常用品為主的郊區購物商場,其二是管理完善的市中心購物商場,設有多類型不同商店、餐廳和活動,而且交通接駁便利。

郊區購物商場的例子包括:香港的希慎廣場及由亞洲最大型房產基金–領展(Link Reit)持有的商場,這類物業主要服務本地客,租戶多從事「防守性」行業,例如超級市場、牙醫診所、髮廊和補習班等等。 

至於市中心購物商場,新加坡的福南(Funan)廣場正是一個好例子。這座商場集零售與體驗於一身,設有室內單車道、攀岩牆、五人足球場、提供虛擬實境體驗的電影院,以及Edible Garden City經營的「城市農場」等設施5。這個商場亦被譽為「虛實合一」的商場,糅合實體與數位元素,把科技融入設計當中。舉例來說,商場的美食廣場食客可透過臉書訊息Messenger訂餐,商場也設有互動式觸控螢幕,讓購物者瀏覽和新增商品至自己的願望清單6

新業務模式為實體零售業帶來彈性

此外,新的業務模式興起,並非與電子商務競爭,而是互補優勢,令實體商場保持存在價值。例如,阿里巴巴和京東商城等電子商務巨擘正拓展「全通路配送(omnichannel delivery)」模式,開設實體店舖,與旗下網路平台相輔相成7

此外,網絡平台Fillogic亦可讓商場把非銷售零售空間轉型為科技化微型配送中心(micro-fulfilment hubs)。在商場零售租戶當中,目前已有60%透過其商店處理電子商務訂單,但只獨立運作,店家之間並無聯繫。Fillogic這類平台可協助店家以綜合生態系統的模式營運,從而提高效率,令商場可盡量發揮資產各方面的使用程度8。雖然該平台只剛在美國推出,但我們相信這種業務模式應很快會引入亞洲市場。

最後,商場在亞洲區內扮演的角色亦值得我們深思。並非只是提供一個場所讓我們購買同樣可於網上輕易訂購的貨品。事實上,商場具有重要的社交功能,特別是考慮到區內的住宅普遍細小擠擁。

無論未來趨勢如何,辦公室將不會消失

儘管在家工作會帶來一些不便,但大部份企業已適應這種工作模式。情況令不少人相信遠距工作比在辦公室上班更好,因而認為即使在疫情結束後,在家工作的安排仍會持續。

不過,並非所有人均滿意在家工作的安排。遠距辦公使工時延長,會議和電郵數目增加,更會使工作與私人時間的界線更加模糊9。在亞洲,上文所述的家居空間限制亦會帶來影響(尤其是大家庭),讓在家工作者難以專心工作。此外,辦公室具有一些無可代替的優勢,例如同事之間可即時和作協調。誠如Knight Frank所言,「科技會帶來顛覆轉變,但永不能取代人際互動」10。 

當然,期望未來能夠完全回復疫前的辦公模式是不切實際,轉變已無可避免。由於社交距離限制措施收緊(在全球仍未推行全民接種疫苗前),辦公室內的員工密度很可能會降低。未來,混合模式可能日益普及:員工可自由選擇工作地點,而辦公室將較傾向「協作中心」的角色。此外,企業可考慮把正式辦公室撤離核心商業區,遷往較近民居的區域,以建立輻射式工作網絡(hub and spoke network)。 

科技公司(出乎意料地)推動辦公室空間的需求

根據世邦魏理仕發表的《2020年第二季亞太區市場觀點》11,科技公司對辦公室的需求持續穩健,與仲量聯行的觀點吻合12。仲量聯行報告顯示,2020上半年簽訂的最大宗租約來自字節跳動(Bytedance),阿里巴巴亦在5月買入新加坡AXA Tower的50%股份,共8.4億新加坡元13

疫情期間科技業的表現相對優於其他領域,具備財力進行上述交易,而科技公司持續傾向設立實體辦公地點,則反映辦公室將始終是我們工作環境的一部份。正如Google前人事部總監曾就永久在家工作的趨勢向華爾街日報直言:「這股趨勢無法持續下去」14。不過,目前市場估值尚未反映這個現實。 

目前市場估值與長期現實脫節

當投資市場出現錯殺時,為精明投資者帶來機遇,這正是建立於2008年金融海嘯危機所帶給我們的經驗。如上文所述,我們認為目前市場過度反映了零售和辦公室產業的下行趨勢。 

雖然我們聚焦於商場與辦公室物業的長期主題,但亦相信隨著投資者重押亞洲商業不動產市場,這類物業將出現中短期升勢。例如,根據仲量聯行報告,目前約有400億美元未動用資金正等待進場亞太區15。雖然經濟陰霾揮之不去,令相當多資金保持觀望態度,但隨著亞洲市場改善,資金逐步流入,可望提供短期價格支持。 

投資者亦應謹記,儘管面對租金和估值壓力,但房地產仍是具吸引力的資產。首先,租金承受的壓力不及企業盈利;考慮到低息環境將長期持續,房地產的收益率仍然吸引。舉例來說,按照瑞銀估算16,目前香港和新加坡的物業公司和不動產REITs收益率略低於5%,並預期未來數年將升至5.5%或更高。 

除了收益率吸引外,一般認為房地產亦能夠帶來較穩定的現金流。此外,超低利環境及央行向市場注入大量流動性,應2021年會為資產價格帶來支持。 

儘管亞洲商業不動產業的零售和辦公室估值被市場低估,卻也捎來逢低進場的投資機會,但投資者仍須審慎、研究分析,才能發掘相關投資機會。 

 

1https://www.jll.com.mo/content/dam/jll-com/documents/pdf/research/jll-capital-tracker-2q-2020.pdf
2http://cbre.vo.llnwd.net/grgservices/secure/Asia%20Pacific%20MarketView%20Q2%202020%20FINAL%20_v2.pdf?e=1596525439&h=75fee05eed-48ae4de7190915aa298444
3高盛: Asia-Pacific Portfolio Strategy: Asian equity market impact of viral outbreak: daily update,2020年9月1日。
4https://www2.colliers.com/download-research?itemId=966964f3-5af2-4c82-9f53-bb97441bc2bc
5https://www.timeout.com/singapore/shopping/guide-to-funan-singapore
6https://marketingmagazine.com.my/34066-2/
7https://realassets.ipe.com/consumer-trends/retail-all-aboard-the-aliexpress/10046550.article?utm_campaign=97414_21.7.20%20ipe%20ra%20daily%20news&utm_medium=email&utm_source=IPE&dm_i=5KVE,235Y,C64W7,7X6A,1
8https://www.insidelogistics.ca/dc-and-warehouse-operations/fillogic-opening-mall-based-distribution-hubs-171849/
9https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-03/the-pandemic-workday-is-48-minutes-longer-and-has-more-meetings
10https://www.knightfrank.co.uk/blog/2020/04/29/key-factorsthat-will-shape-the-future-of-the-office
11http://cbre.vo.llnwd.net/grgservices/secure/Asia%20Pacific%20MarketView%20Q2%202020%20FINAL %20_v2.pdf?e=1596525439&h=75fee05eed48ae4de7190915aa298444
12https://www.jll.com.mo/content/dam/jll-com/documents/pdf/research/jll-asia-pacific-property-digest-1Q-2020.pdf
13https://www.jll.com.mo/content/dam/jll-com/documents/pdf/research/jll-capital-tracker-2q-2020.pdf
14https://www.wsj.com/articles/companies-start-to-think-remote-work-isnt-so-great-after-all-11595603397
15https://www.jll.com.au/en/trends-and-insights/investor/crossborder-investments-will-potentially-accelerate-despite-the-short-term-pause-in-apac
16瑞銀:環球房地產主要估值指標:約200家房地產企業,2020年8月

 

This document is produced by Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited and issued in:

Singapore and Australia (for wholesale clients only) by Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited (UEN: 199407631H), which is incorporated in Singapore, is exempt from the requirement to hold an Australian financial services licence and is licensed and regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore under Singapore laws which differ from Australian laws.

Hong Kong by Eastspring Investments (Hong Kong) Limited and has not been reviewed by the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong.

Indonesia by PT Eastspring Investments Indonesia, an investment manager that is licensed, registered and supervised by the Indonesia Financial Services Authority (OJK).

Malaysia by Eastspring Investments Berhad (531241-U).

United States of America (for institutional clients only) by Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited (UEN: 199407631H), which is incorporated in Singapore and is registered with the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission as a registered investment adviser.

European Economic Area (for professional clients only) and Switzerland (for qualified investors only) by Eastspring Investments (Luxembourg) S.A., 26, Boulevard Royal, 2449 Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, registered with the Registre de Commerce et des Sociétés (Luxembourg), Register No B 173737.

United Kingdom (for professional clients only) by Eastspring Investments (Luxembourg) S.A. - UK Branch, 125 Old Broad Street, London EC2N 1AR.

Chile (for institutional clients only) by Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited (UEN: 199407631H), which is incorporated in Singapore and is licensed and regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore under Singapore laws which differ from Chilean laws.

The afore-mentioned entities are hereinafter collectively referred to as Eastspring Investments.

The views and opinions contained herein are those of the author on this page, and may not necessarily represent views expressed or reflected in other Eastspring Investments’ communications. This document is solely for information purposes and does not have any regard to the specific investment objective, financial situation and/or particular needs of any specific persons who may receive this document. This document is not intended as an offer, a solicitation of offer or a recommendation, to deal in shares of securities or any financial instruments. It may not be published, circulated, reproduced or distributed without the prior written consent of Eastspring Investments. Reliance upon information in this posting is at the sole discretion of the reader. Please consult your own professional adviser before investing.

Investment involves risk. Past performance and the predictions, projections, or forecasts on the economy, securities markets or the economic trends of the markets are not necessarily indicative of the future or likely performance of Eastspring Investments or any of the funds managed by Eastspring Investments.

Information herein is believed to be reliable at time of publication. Data from third party sources may have been used in the preparation of this material and Eastspring Investments has not independently verified, validated or audited such data. Where lawfully permitted, Eastspring Investments does not warrant its completeness or accuracy and is not responsible for error of facts or opinion nor shall be liable for damages arising out of any person’s reliance upon this information. Any opinion or estimate contained in this document may subject to change without notice.

Eastspring Investments (excluding JV companies) companies are ultimately wholly-owned/indirect subsidiaries/associate of Prudential plc of the United Kingdom. Eastspring Investments companies (including JV’s) and Prudential plc are not affiliated in any manner with Prudential Financial, Inc., a company whose principal place of business is in the United States of America.