美國升息腳步近 債券投資人準備好了嗎?

美國聯準會(Fed)預計於今年3月結束縮減購債計畫,並可能宣布啟動升息。瀚亞投資認為,目前市場普遍認為:升息4碼是基本盤,而升息5碼機率已接近6成。期貨顯示聯準會利率終將升息至2%左右(2024年12月),預期2025年開始降息。

瀚亞投資環球資產暨固定收益部提出最新看法,提供持有信用債券資產,或關注國際利率走勢的投資人參考:

借鏡過去:美國三次升息經驗

過去三次升息的歷史經驗(1999、2004、2015),10年期公債利率高點和聯準會的利率目標相去不遠。以本次約2%的升息終利率終點來看,預期10年期公債殖利率區間由1.5%~1.8%上調為1.7%~2.0%,且不排除短暫突破2.0%的可能性,但考量聯準會可能「升得早,就升得少」,加上美國經濟亦有走緩的風險,均將限制長債殖利率大幅上彈的空間。

今年債市變化,主要是股市及債券殖利率大幅震盪,信用債券表現反而相對平淡:
1. 投資等級債與高收益債對股票的敏感性降低。比較2020/3時,S&P500與信用債均大跌超過10%,但此波S&P500跌幅近10%時,信用債僅小跌1%。
2. 超額報酬方面(指相對公債而言)為2008年以來最高。顯示市場認為此時的震盪為對利率的預期所致,非信用債基本面改變。

投資建議:把握升息首月時機點

雖然今年經濟整體增速將放緩,但美國GDP年增率,仍高於2019年疫情之前。企業獲利增速雖降,但仍為正成長,整體基本面有助於違約率維持低檔。故建議對息收需求或是欲低波動者,可於投資等級債、高收益債,分批建置部位;新興債利空漸退,亦可選擇性佈局。

由於升息前債券殖利率已部分反應升息預期,加上是在經濟不差的狀況下升息,有助利差平穩表現。建議可把握升息首月、布局信用債券及新興市場債,並拉長持有半年、1年及2年,投資勝率更高。

圖、三大信用債過去三次升息下的投資報酬表現
20220211_Bond_Outlook-1

資料來源:Bloomberg,各債券指數,2022/2

 
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