摘要

 
  • 由於預計美國經濟放緩幅度較亞洲大,加上兩者利率差距變得更趨不利,美元的下行壓力日益增加。
  • 美元走弱,加上美國資產估值高,投資人有更大誘因分散投資而至定價更吸引的亞洲市場。
  • 除了分散配置投資組合及透過股票期權捕捉市場上漲趨勢外,三管齊下的風險管理框架亦確保我們能夠主動管理風險。

 

我們在最近一場為新加坡機構投資人舉辦的活動中,分享了對經濟的看法,並探討在瞬息萬變的市場格局中,進行資產配置的全新考慮因素。下文節錄了部分重點。

問題:為什麼自年初以來,股市在關稅不確定性及地緣政治緊張局勢下仍然走高?

今年股市表現勝預期有三大原因。 

第一,貨幣政策對市場的支持極為利好——過去10個月,全球22間最大央行中有19間放寬了貨幣政策,包括聯準會在去年底降息100個基點。與此同時,預計聯準會將會降息,並繼續支撐資產價格。 

第二,美國新關稅措施延後實施及暫時豁免,因此其在1月至7月對美國經濟帶來的額外成本僅佔國內生產總值的0.2%。 

第三,由於關稅影響延後,第二季企業盈利勝預期,盈利預測亦獲得上調。 

展望未來,關稅對經濟增長構成的挑戰料將日益加劇。美國的關稅徵收額正加快增長,按年化計算,7月的關稅徵收額相當於國內生產總值的0.8%。近期的貿易協議將美國法定關稅稅率由約14%上調至接近18%,自8月7日至11日起生效。第四季完成的「232條款」調查將導致法定關稅稅率自2026年初起進一步上升。關稅對美國經濟的拖累將更見明顯,其對企業利潤率及美國通膨的影響或將成為市場波動的潛在來源。

問題:為什麼對投資人而言,分散投資至美國資產以外的領域日益重要?

美元過往在股市低迷期間一直發揮著分散風險的作用,但此作用正備受質疑。雖然市場預期美元將隨著時間走低,但投資人應審慎看待普遍觀點。美元走勢受到相對國內生產總值增長的影響:當美國經濟增長落後於亞洲時,美元往往走弱。這種情景正在發生,預計美國經濟放緩幅度將超越亞洲新興市場。利率差距的走勢亦對美元不利,而2026年由更偏鴿派的官員出任聯準會主席等政治因素亦增加其下行壓力。值得注意的是,美元正跟隨川普總統首個任期第一年的走勢,當時亦是美國政策動盪及經濟增長放緩的一年。見圖1。

圖1:美元廣義有效匯率

資料來源:LSEG Datastream。2025年8月。選舉日的指數值為100。總統選舉前6個月至總統選舉後24個月。

與此同時,美國股票及信貸市場當前的估值位列全球最高。雖然這未必引發經濟衰退,但卻增加了估值在「避險」時期回調的風險。分散投資對於管理相關風險至關重要。 

值得注意的是,美國股票風險溢價極低,雖然其過往曾見更低水平,但當前溢價意味著美國股市的上升空間有限。見圖2。相反,日本、中國及部分較小型亞洲市場等其他市場的盈利預測均獲上調,估值亦不高。此外,美元疲弱歷來一直利好非美國資產。由於美國經濟放緩幅度超越亞洲新興市場,利率差距的走勢或對美元不利,提高了亞洲資產的吸引力。透過分散投資至美國以外市場,投資人能涉足亞洲及新興市場等估值與增長前景更佳的地區,同時更有效地管理投資組合風險。 

圖2:標普500指數股票風險溢價(自1925年起)

資料來源︰使用指數作為任何資產類別/行業過去表現的替代指標具有限制,不應被視為本基金將來或可能實現的表現之指標。

問題:全球市場面臨什麼潛在風險?

部分關鍵風險包括關稅規則實施的變數,而川普亦可能根據當前「232條款」調查的結果,在2025年第四季及2026年第一季推行較預期激進的行業關稅措施。亞洲的風險之一是各國與美國簽訂的貿易協議可能規定對中國徵收關稅或設置其他貿易障礙,從而導致各國與中國的關係緊張。 

與此同時,地緣政治緊張局勢的陰霾仍然存在。供應方通膨衝擊或將在短期內出現,並可能推高通膨預期。儘管如此,根據過往經驗,相關事件不會對風險資產造成長期影響。 

另一方面,中國經濟增長放緩持續拖累全球經濟增長。中國經濟復甦需要規模更大及針對性更強的刺激政策。房地產市場低迷繼續導致家庭受壓,而持續通縮則可能波及全球經濟。我們預計中國政府將透過增加補貼及其他措施來促進增長。然而,若當局轉向推動財政整合,經濟放緩或早於預期出現。 

此外,市場亦存在上行風險,包括但不限於美國經濟應對關稅的韌性較預期強。聯準會降息幅度亦可能超過預期,導致風險資產急升。

問題:你們如何在當前環境下管理投資組合風險?

我們正將投資組合分散配置到各個資產類別及地區,並在可行情況下運用股票期權捕捉市場升勢,同時限制下行風險。我們亦分散投資至黃金及國庫通膨保值證券(TIPs),以對沖停滯性通膨風險。 

我們透過主動而非被動的方式管理風險。對於採用總報酬策略的投資組合而言,我們定期進行壓力測試,以評估投資組合在不同經濟與市場情景下的韌性。我們三管齊下的風險管理架構(見圖3)包括系統化波動率目標管理︰倘若任何資產類別的短期波動率異常高,無論出於任何原因,我們均會降低投資組合風險。我們亦會依據市場定價或壓力測試結果,把握機會運用期權策略,為投資組合提供保護。例如,我們會購入具成本效益的投資組合保護工具,而不會待市場事件發生後才作出反應。與此同時,我們實施絕對風險管理,運用經回測後的市場信號,在必要時降低風險及增持現金。

圖3:保護投資組合的絕對報酬

資料來源:瀚亞投資。僅供參考。

 

 

 

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