摘要
- 除了傳統的投資組合構建技巧外,我們亦可為客戶更深入分析潛在投資組合,從而改進投資組合構建過程。
- 將傳統投資組合構建技巧與目標為本的方法結合,有助設計更具針對性的投資組合,尤其是用於投資目標直觀但卻難以清晰表達的客戶。
- 隨著運算能力提升,投資人現時可進行全面優化,帶來更高靈活性,擺脫過往平均值-變異數優化模型的限制。
策略性資產配置往往被視為投資組合長線表現的關鍵推動因素,並構成長線投資組合構建的基石,而其構建過程通常以對未來資產報酬的長線(策略性)聯合分佈假設為起點。相關假設以「多變量常態分佈」建模,參數分別為預期報酬(μ)及預期風險(σ2)。
對大部分客戶而言,預期報酬及預期風險是平均值-變異數優化模型的輸入數據,用於釐定投資組合權重。循此方法構建的投資組合具有平均值-變異數效率,能夠在既定預期風險水平下提供最高預期報酬。重複進行優化可得出由多個平均值-變異數效率投資組合構成的效率前緣。圖1。
圖1:投資組合效率前緣(已標示個別資產)

資料來源:瀚亞投資。湯森路透。2025年9月。為方便視覺呈現,上圖根據預期波動性以不同顏色區分各資產類別。綠色資產的預期波動性低(<5%),黃色資產的預期波動性中等(介乎5%至10%),紅色資產的預期波動性高(>10%)。
目標為本的投資組合構建方法
雖然上述方法有助投資人更有效評估風險與報酬之間的取捨,但在某些情況下,其得出的平均值-變異數投資組合或無法完全實現客戶期望的目標,尤其是當客戶對投資目標具直觀認知,但卻難以具體說明時。在這些情況下,我們將採用Golts及Jones提出的額外框架,其提供了一個目標為本的投資組合構建方法。該框架根據資產的報酬偏度,量化資產對流動性、保值、收益及增長這四個目標的風險暴露。見圖2。
圖2:資產類別-目標風險暴露

資料來源︰瀚亞投資。湯森路透。2025年9月。為方便視覺呈現,上圖根據預期波動性以不同顏色區分各資產類別。綠色資產的預期波動性低(<5%),黃色資產的預期波動性中等(介乎5%至10%),紅色資產的預期波動性高(>10%)。
整合現實世界的限制條件
透過結合以上兩種方法,我們可將資產目標風險暴露直接整合至平均值-變異數優化模型中。在此情景下,我們為假設客戶構建一個「受限效率前緣」模型,並按客戶要求,將收益及增長目標的最低風險暴露設定為35%。從圖3所見,虛線代表受限效率前緣,其佔據原效率前緣的部分子空間(以陰影灰色陰影區域表示)。值得注意的是,受限效率前緣亦位於原效率前緣以下。此結果符合預期,因為對投資組合構建過程施加限制,必然會收窄潛在投資組合的範圍。
圖3:設有目標限制的效率前緣

資料來源︰瀚亞投資。湯森路透。2025年9月。為方便視覺呈現,上圖根據預期波動性以不同顏色區分各資產類別。綠色資產的預期波動性低(<5%),黃色資產的預期波動性中等(介乎5%至10%),紅色資產的預期波動性高(>10%)。
加入限制條件後,效率投資組合由偏向「增長」及「保值」目標轉為偏向「收益」目標。見圖4。下一步將是釐定最適合假設客戶的投資組合。
圖4:投資組合目標風險暴露

資料來源︰瀚亞投資。湯森路透,2025年9月。
平均值-變異數優化模型的替代方案
平均值-變異數優化模型於1952年發展出來,至今仍廣泛應用於投資組合構建過程中,其之所以盛行主要源於模型設有分析型目標函數,該函數假設資產報酬呈常態分佈,而投資人則能夠以指數型效用函數代表。然而,現代運算能力使全面優化分析漸趨可行,從而提高靈活性,並擺脫相關假設的限制。
一種不依賴高階演算法的全面優化直接方法是採用蠻力搜尋法(brute-force search)。在此方法中,我們首先產生多個候選投資組合,然後篩選出不符合客戶限制條件的投資組合,再按客戶要求評估剩餘的投資組合。雖然此方法計算量大且效率較低,但其保留了有關次優投資組合的數據,有助更全面分析潛在客戶的投資組合。
為了加以說明,我們再以上述假設客戶為例。除了先前設定的目標限制外,客戶現時亦期望投資組合實現每年超過5%的預期報酬,而預期風險則維持在10%以下。
圖5中的水平及垂直紫色線分別代表客戶就預期報酬及預期風險設下的附加限制條件,而由這些線條及虛線(受限)效率前緣界定的紫色區域則代表新的候選投資組合子空間。藍色點代表符合客戶對報酬、風險及目標風險暴露的要求的不同候選投資組合。
圖5:設有報酬及風險限制的效率前緣

資料來源︰瀚亞投資。湯森路透。2025年9月。為方便視覺呈現,上圖根據預期波動性以不同顏色區分各資產類別。黃色資產的預期波動性中等(介乎5%至10%),紅色資產的預期波動性高(>10%)。
隨後,我們以額外指標評估候選投資組合,以衡量其在客戶各個目標之間的取捨。當客戶目標不明確或互相矛盾時,此方法的作用尤其明顯。在這些情況下,蠻力優化法可作為有效起點,用於識別最符合客戶要求的投資組合。
然而,蠻力優化法有其限制︰隨著限制條件增加或潛在資產範圍擴大,計算需求會呈指數級增長。因此,此方法實際上難以生成足夠候選投資組合,以完全涵蓋整個投資組合子空間。
構建更加投資組合
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