亞洲貿易的連結:多樣化的力量

過去25年來,亞洲透過資源與勞動市場的多樣性,支持了全球貿易供給鏈的運作。而接下來的25年,亞洲的多樣性將開展出一個充滿活力的交易生態系,發展的目標將轉向滿足自身的終端需求。

亞洲是全球貿易成長重要的驅動者,在2017年為全球貿易貢獻了六成的成長1。這樣的成就來自於這些年來亞洲整合的供應鏈,在環境的改變中不斷演進。

亞洲最早在1980年建立的跨國供應鏈是為了滿足日本製造商的需求。1985年的廣場協議使得日圓兌美元快速的升值,為因應國內製造成本上升,日本廠商必須重新在亞洲布局生產基地以降低成本。1997年亞洲金融風暴,造成亞洲各國貨幣大幅地貶值,亞洲的廠商面臨更大的價格競爭壓力。接著中國在加入世界貿易組織後成為「世界工廠」,穩固了亞洲世界供應鏈的地位。

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持續改變的角色

亞洲跨境的供應網絡是由比較利益與專業分工所形塑而成的。這個網絡也反應了區域的結構多樣性和異質性。回溯到2005年,新興工業化國家如韓國、新加坡和台灣生產並出口大量的電腦與電子設備。而具有豐富自然資源的印尼與泰國則分別出口原油和大米。中國則是勞力密集商品的出口大國2

快轉到今日,經濟成長和薪資成長已改變了許多經濟體的角色。瀚亞台灣投資長劉興唐指出,台灣已經在2010年代,從1990年代的勞力密集商品出口,如紡織和家用設備,轉型到高價值產出的產業,如半導體晶片、智慧型手機和石化產品。

1996年,日本與中國間薪資的差距達到46倍。但到了2016年,差距縮小到4倍。由於中國工資的上漲,越南成為下一個勞力密集商品出口的樞紐,吸引了大量的日韓投資。同時,透過快速的產業升級,中國現今總出口超過四成是由電子機械、設備和電腦所構成3

研究指出,隨著一個經濟體的人均收入提升,產業重心將會從一級的農業部門進步到二級的工業部門,再從二級進步到三級的服務部門4。儘管各國的產業重心不斷在改變,亞洲各國仍舊維持強勁的貿易連結。研究顯示韓國與印度擁有強大的價值鏈連結,而東協四國(印尼、馬來西亞、菲律賓和泰國)則與中國、印度與新加坡維持深厚的連繫5

在2017年區域內部的貿易比重達到57.8%,對比1990年的45%,代表了亞洲內部持續深化的貿易連結。請參考圖一:

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由圖一可以看出歐盟區域內部貿易比例佔其總貿易量63%,顯然是一個比亞洲更為緊密整合的貿易實體,但是東協的貿易連結實際上是更為緊密的。東協的區域內部貿易緊密指數(TII)在2017年為3.7,比歐盟的1.9還高。TII數字較高代表該區域的貿易較為集中在成員國間,而非世界其他國家。貿易比例與TII數據的差異是在於前者會有規模問題:規模越大的區域,區域內部貿易的比例越大。因此東協的高TII反應了東協高密度生產網絡的特性。

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連結的優勢與劣勢

區域經濟體的相互依賴其實是一把雙面刃。中美貿易戰引發的負面影響就是一個佐證,在2019年年初幾個月,台灣、新加坡和韓國出口量因此而下滑。隨著廠商開始找尋其他生產地來供應美國市場,亞洲的供應鏈正在經歷進一步的改變,也形成新的贏家與輸家。

另一方面,這樣的相互依賴也可能是一項優勢。亞洲內部薪資水準的提升代表亞洲正開始為自身的消費需求而生產。隨著公司越來越關注產品上市的速度和在整個供應鏈中的知名度,供應鏈變得越來越短,也越來越本地化。廠商也開始為了服務亞洲市場本身而建立區域內自足的供應鏈7

肩並肩

根據國際貨幣基金的調查,如果亞洲有這個雄心壯志能消除對全球的商品關稅並降低服務業的非關稅壁壘,亞洲的GDP將會平均增加12%,有些經濟體的產出甚至增加約20%8

然知易行難。日本近期與韓國的貿易衝突升高提醒了我們貿易關係並非永遠都這麼的融洽,即使是相鄰的兩國也一樣。亞洲實際上也在區域內市場准入的推動有了相當大的進展。在2017年,東協與香港簽訂一項自由貿易協約,這是20年來第一個東協簽署的FTA。同時,RCEP則仍處在協調中,成員國包含東協十國和其貿易夥伴──澳洲、中國、印度、日本、韓國和紐西蘭。如果RECP成功簽署,將成為世界最大的貿易區──佔據將近半數的全球人口以及三成的全球貿易。瀚亞韓國的投資長,Woong Park,相信RCEP將會增加本區域佔全球的貿易比重,並且會讓資源的配置更有效率,這些將會為亞洲經濟體帶來極大的效益。

隨著西方國家保護主義的興起,正是亞洲重新檢視出口模式的時候,亞洲將從滿足外部區域的終端消費轉向滿足區域內部。亞洲各國不同的成長階段、薪資水準的多樣化以及專業化的提升將會創造一個極具活力的交易生態系。

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