摘要
- 普遍觀點認為,人工智慧是一場由美國帶領的軟體及晶片革命。但推動人工智慧發展的硬體革命實際上由亞洲主導。
- 實體人工智慧價值鏈的每一層均必須經過製造、測試、組裝及擴產環節,其沿用的系統與促成亞洲主導消費電子產品供應鏈的生態系統相似。
- 由於人工智慧涵蓋數位與實體世界,亞洲的製造實力及創新構成全球人工智慧硬體的支柱,為投資人帶來未被充分重視的結構性投資機會。
投資人對人工智慧的印象往往集中於基礎模型(例如GPT、Claude等)、運算晶片(例如輝達、AMD等)及應用領域(例如自動駕駛、企業分析等)。然而,缺乏高速互連、動力系統及精密機械零件的實體層面,以上一切均無法運作。這一硬體層面由亞洲主導,其優勢源於亞洲在全球消費電子產品製造方面擁有悠久歷史。亞洲在精密製造領域兼具規模、經驗及創新能力,鞏固其在當今全球科技及人工智慧供應鏈的關鍵作用——這種地位難以取代或複製。我在四天內走訪中國六個城市後,更加確信亞洲在人工智慧硬體生態系統中佔據優勢,並蘊藏不少投資人目前尚未充分重視的結構性機會。
人工智慧數據中心的實體基礎架構
人工智慧工作負載持續增加,推升了對人工智慧伺服器及伺服器機櫃的需求,從而促進數據中心擴張。美國超大型雲端服務供應商的2026年資本支出承諾已突破7,000億美元的驚人水平。
線纜模組
我在東莞參觀了全球其中一間最大人工智慧伺服器機櫃線纜模組供應商,其廠房設有大型自動化生產線,將原物料銅線加工成製成品,並由工程師負責監控生產過程的關鍵環節。銅纜是人工智慧基建中傳輸數據的關鍵互連零件。每一代運算能力更強的人工智慧晶片,均需要相應地配備頻寬更高的線纜以傳輸數據。線纜的頻寬很大程度取決於製造過程中的包帶、籠絞、編織及貼膜的品質。
圖1. 線纜模組生產流程

圖2. 最終線纜模組零件
人工智慧伺服器基建
我也在常熟參觀了一個精密金屬零件生產設施。人工智慧工作負載涉及大規模並行處理、極高功率密度、高速數據傳輸及持續運行,對人工智慧伺服器基建的設計構成影響。例如,連接器的金屬外殼除了提供保護功能外,更需要用作主動散熱通道。採用微通道幾何結構的冷板由內部通道極其精細的金屬板組成,使冷卻劑得以直接流過高性能人工智慧晶片表面,有效地帶走熱能。電磁干擾屏蔽——即包覆於電纜外、通常由金屬箔或編織線組成的保護層——有助防止不必要的電磁訊號干擾數據傳輸。這對於人工智慧伺服器尤其重要,因為大量數據必須在晶片、伺服器與機櫃之間快速準確地傳輸。
這些複雜零件需以精密的電腦數值控制(CNC)製造步驟生產,透過電腦控制機器將金屬或塑料切割、塑型及鑽孔,從而大規模生產高精度且品質一致的零件。憑藉數十年來大規模生產消費電子產品高精度零件的經驗,亞洲已建立雄厚的電腦數控製造實力,貫穿整個生產流程。這種結構性優勢以規模、精度、整合度及速度為基礎,隨着製造業轉型至更高性能及基建密集的科技領域,其重要性與日俱增。
圖3. 自主移動機器人為生產精密機械零件的電腦數控機床補充切割工具
隨後,我在北京參觀了一個深受市場追捧的電動車品牌的智能製造工廠——其全方位自動化程度之高,教人有如置身於《變形金剛》電影之中。電動車代表了人工智慧基建及人形機器人技術最成熟的交會點,因為三者的電動傳動系統、高密度互連技術及精密製造工序均採用相同的機電基礎。
圖4. 電動車傳動系統提供動力的定子轉子驅動系統的精密零件
電動車產業促進高壓直流電(DC)系統的技術創新——相關能力現正應用於耗電量龐大的人工智慧數據中心。目前,大部分數據中心採用基於交流電(AC)的電源架構,每次轉換為直流電時均產生熱能損耗,使電力系統更加複雜、成本更高,並增加潛在故障點。這些缺點對於傳統伺服器而言仍屬可控,但人工智慧數據中心大幅提高電力負載,導致效率低下的成本更高。
亞洲在電動車製造領域佔優,同時在高壓直流電(HVDC)系統上領先市場,鞏固了其在推動高壓直流電數據中心架構發展的作用。更精細、散熱更佳的線纜,以及開關損耗功率更低的半導體,是電動車與高壓直流電數據中心架構的共同基礎。
賦予人工智慧實體形態與延伸能力的硬體
除了數據中心外,人工智慧發展的下一階段將關乎實體層面——即以機器人的形式在現實世界運作,並將能力延伸至太空中的衛星。
機器人
人形機器人的代表作-具身智慧(embodied AI)的誕生,意味著人工智慧由數位世界邁向實體世界。雖然人工智慧訓練決定了機器人的功能,但其核心能力取決於關節中的執行器(actuators),其決定機器人的精確度、負載能力及扭矩靈敏度。我在長沙參觀了一間為逾百個全球品牌生產人形機器人的原始設計製造(ODM)工廠,並看到機器人未來多個應用場景,涵蓋零售貨架補貨、家務處理以至工業生產線部署。憑藉生產執行器、精密零件及大規模提供原始設計製造服務的能力,亞洲已成為全球人形機器人的生產樞紐。
圖5. 由諧波減速器及無刷電機這些關鍵部件構成的關節執行器 
圖6. 人形機器人結構
衛星
我也在常熟參觀了一個衛星零件製造設施。低軌道(LEO)衛星現已成為關鍵通訊層,在持續的俄烏軍事衝突以及支援飛機上的網絡通訊方面均發揮作用。目前已有方案建議將衛星作為太空數據中心;SpaceX已向美國聯邦通訊委員會提交計劃,擬部署由100萬顆數據中心衛星組成的衛星網絡,旨在沿著持續獲得日照的軌道運行,從而為人工智慧晶片供電。這些衛星需要配備龐大的太陽能電池陣列,並採用超薄玻璃(UTG)封裝技術以提供柔性防護,同時維持太陽能轉換效率。憑藉數十年來製造消費電子產品的經驗,亞洲在超薄玻璃領域累積了深厚的專業知識,涵蓋晶體生長、超薄切片以至光學拋光等多個工序。這些專業優勢有助亞洲在支援下一代太空人工智慧運算架構方面佔據有利位置。
亞洲:人工智慧硬體的支柱
| 術語 | 定義 |
| 高速互連 | 高速互連是負責在晶片與伺服器之間快速傳輸資訊的數據高速通道,其重要性源於大型人工智慧模型需要大量數據在多個協作處理器之間高速傳輸。 |
| 動力系統 | 為車輛提供動力並推動其行駛的一套零件。在電動車及配備人工智慧功能的車輛中,動力系統日益透過軟體及人工智慧進行改良與管理,以提高性能及效率。 |
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